. Engineer. aviation industrialist. politicianSignatureBacharuddin Jusuf Habibie ( Indonesian: ( ); 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an engineer and politician who was the third from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh in March 1998, he succeeded who after 31 years in office.
Ditulis oleh Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Presiden ke-3 RI, semakin melengkapi khazanah sejarah politik kontemporer Indonesia. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, salah seorang pelaku utama sejarah pada masa lahirnya reformasi di Indonesia. Fakta yang dihadirkan dalam buku ini otentik, berdasarkan. Pembaca buku ini seperti membaca sebuah novel. 120 CHAPTER 10: Bu B.J. Alia was sobbing when (she/her) read this line in the ku novel (she/her) got from Saidah: They know the.
His presidency is seen as a landmark and transition to the. Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political party laws, and held an three years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end of his presidency. His 517-day presidency and 71-day vice presidency are the shortest in the country's history.
Habibie as the State Minister of Research and Technology.In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as part of his drive to industrialize and develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to, Chief Executive Officer of the state oil company. Two years later, Habibie was made CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry), which in 1985 changed its name to Industri Pesawat Terbang (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as since 2000). In 1978, he was appointed as Minister of Research and Technology.
He continued to play an important role in IPTN other 'strategic' industries in this post. By the 1980s, IPTN had grown considerably, specializing in the manufacture of helicopters and small passenger planes. Under Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a manufacturer of aircraft including. It pioneered a small passenger airplane, the, in 1995, but the project was a commercial failure. In developing Indonesia's aviation industry, he adopted an approach called 'Begin at the End and End at the Beginning'. In this method, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of the planes was placed as the first objective.
Habibie (center) as Board of Patron member during the 1997 campaign in Tanah Abang,.By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries including ship- and train-building, steel, arms, communications, and energy. A 1993 estimate determined that the estimates used nearly $2 billion a year in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that the size of the industries was not completely known.As minister, Habibie created the OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) and STAID (Science and Technology for Industrial Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees in the STEM fields and for other technical professionals to continue their study for master's and doctorate program in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other countries.Habibie was, continuously, a member of six Indonesian cabinets for over 20 years. Habibie's official vice-presidential portrait, 2nd Class featured.In January 1998, after accepting nomination for a seventh term as President, Suharto announced the selection criteria for the nomination of a vice president.
Suharto did not mention Habibie by name, but his suggestion that the next vice president should have a mastery of science and technology made it obvious he had Habibie in mind.In that year, in the midst of the, this suggestion was received badly, causing the to fall. Despite this, Habibie was elected as Vice President in March 1998. Presidency. Habibie taking his presidential oath on 21 May 1998.On 21 May 1998, just two months into Habibie's vice presidency, Suharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the says, succeeded him as president. The following day, Habibie announced the, which removed some of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet while maintaining others - with no major figures from the opposition. Within days of his appointment, he asked his relatives to resign from government positions, promised an early election, repealed some legislation, and ordered the release of political prisoners.
East Timor Habibie was opposed to but did offer East Timor special autonomy.Timorese independence forces led by the had been calling for a referendum in the territory for some time. Its chief diplomat, proposed a transitional period of autonomy leading up to a referendum. In late 1998, the Prime Minister of Australia, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse the East Timorese issue by providing autonomy to be followed by the promise of a referendum in the long run, following the method used by France to settle. Wishing to avoid the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a colony, Habibie surprised some by announcing that a, offering a choice between special autonomy and independence, would be held immediately in East Timor. Leaders of the Indonesian armed forces were not consulted on this decision.On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and the East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose Independence.
Subsequently, pro-Indonesia militias killed and displaced large numbers of people during the. On 10 September, General allegedly threatened to stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down. On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a to halt violence. A followed and East Timor became independent in 2002.Suharto's corruption charge The Special Session in November 1998 decried the presence of corruption in Indonesia, focusing particularly on Suharto. In response to this, Habibie then appointed as. A tape of a telephone conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public. It raised concerns about the veracity of the investigation by suggesting that the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.Under Habibie, the Indonesian government also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as ).
Ghalib charged Tommy in December 1998 in conjunction with the Goro scandal, where the government, under pressure from Tommy, allegedly gave him a desirable parcel and below-market loan for the construction of a Goro supermarket. However, Tommy was found innocent in the case after several key witnesses, including Habibie aide Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony and declared that the deal did not cause losses to the state.Habibie's government stabilized the economy in the face of the Asian financial crisis and the chaos of the last few months of Suharto's presidency. Habibie's government began to make conciliatory gestures towards who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the.
In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of the terms and non-pribumi to differentiate indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID card was sufficient proof of Indonesian citizenship, revoking the previous requirement for a 'Letter of Evidence of Republic of Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he lifted restrictions on the teaching of. Political reform Under Habibie, Indonesia made significant changes to its political system that expanded competition.
Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by dissolving the Information Ministry. He also quickly committed to holding democratic elections, albeit on an initially vague timetable. In December, he proposed political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats in parliament held by the military, and barred political activity by civil servants.However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the military to retain some seats in parliament, and taking little action on other military and judicial reforms.Habibie's government also passed laws which granted significant autonomy to regional governments, namely at the and city level. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and allowed local legislatures to hold said executives accountable, though it was not implemented until after his presidency.
End of presidency Although he had been viewed as leading a transitional government, Habibie seemed determined to continue as president. He was initially unclear about whether he would seek a full term as president when he announced parliamentary elections in June 1998. Habibie faced opposition from many within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing as chair of the party, but was ultimately able to defeat a rival camp including, Edi Sudrajat, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja. Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him.
In March 1999, Golkar put forth five presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto,. In May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, but a large faction in the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.At the 1999 MPR General Session in October, Habibie delivered an accountability speech. MPR members then began voting to decide if they would accept or reject his speech. Habibie attempted to win the support of the military by offering the vice-presidency to General Wiranto, but his offer was declined. Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, and his accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322, and Habibie withdrew his nomination as President. He was succeeded by.Post-presidency, final years and death. Habibie and Ainun wedding attire in Gorontalonese cultureHabibie was married to, a, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010.
Their wedding was held in and culture. The couple had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.B. Habibie's brother, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. After his wife's death, Habibie published a book titled which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The book was adapted into a film of the same name which was released on 20 December 2012. Honours, decorations, and distinctions Habibie received several honorary degrees for his contributions in the fields of technology and science, e.g. He was awarded an Honorary degree from the and degrees from and for his services to aircraft technology.
In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary degree in Technology by the for his contribution to science in practice as a technocrat.Habibie was appointed a (FREng) in 1990. In 1993, he was awarded an (HonFRAeS). He was also named an honorary member of several professional bodies, including. Malaysian Engineers Association (IEM). Japanese Academy of Engineering. Fellowship of Engineering of the United Kingdom, London. National Academy of Engineering, USA.
Academie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace, France. Royal Aeronautical Society, UK. Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science. Gesselschaft Fuer Luft und Raumfarht (Institute for Aviation & Space), Germany. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, USAnamed a bridge and park after Habibie shortly before his death., 1st Class (: ). Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (: ). Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class (: ).
Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (: ). Star of Merit, 1st Class (: ). Star of Culture Parama Dharma (: ).
Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (: ). Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (: ). Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (: ).
Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (: ). Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (: )In popular culture Movies Habibie has been portrayed in several biopic movies based on both his political and personal life. In the first installment of (2012) and its prequels, (2016) and (2019), Habibie is portrayed by, while and portrayed Habibie during his childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively.In the movie, Habibie was portrayed by.Notes.
^ Salam, S., 1986. BJ Habibie, Mutiara dari Timur. Intermasa. Elson, R.E., 2009. The idea of Indonesia. Penerbit Serambi. Habibie, B.J., 2010.
Habibie & Ainun. THC Mandiri. Hendrowinoto, N.K.S. Ibu Indonesia dalam kenangan.
Bank Naskah Gramedia bekerja sama dengan Yayasan Biografi Indonesia. Noer, G.S., 2015.
Rudy: Kisah Masa Muda Sang Visioner. Bentang Pustaka. Makka, A. Makmur (1999). (in Indonesian). Pustaka CIDESINDO.
P. 13. ^ Muhammad El Brahimy (2012). (in Indonesian). PT Balai Pustaka (Persero).
Habibie: nauwe band met Delft - TU Delta., p. 4., p. 1., pp. 72–75. ^, pp. 79–80., p. 28., p. 41. ^, p. 140., p. 142. Indonesian Aerospace.
Archived from on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006. The Economist. 17 April 1993. Amir, Sulfikar (2012). Pp. 69–70., p. 190. Hefner, Robert W.
Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 7 February 1998. From the original on 27 September 2007.
Retrieved 30 October 2006. ^ Chandra, Alexander C. Lexington Books. The Economist. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
Miller, M. 'From reform to repression: the post-New Order's shifting security policies in Aceh', Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 38(4), 129–162. Ramos Horta, Jose (1996). Towards a Peaceful Solution in East Timor. Sydney: East Timor Relief Association. ^. School of Humanities and Social Sciences - UNSW Canberra.
Archived from on 28 March 2015. Robinson, Geoffrey (2010). If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die: How Genocide was Stopped in East Timor. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press., p. 272.
Ziegenhain, Patrick (2008). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
P. 101. Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography.
UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. P. 295., p. 232.
Suprapto, Eddy; et al. (18 October 1999). Kontanonline.com as found on hamline.edu. Archived from on 15 September 2006.
Retrieved 28 October 2006. Purdey, Jemma (2006).
Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Singapore: Singapore University Press. P. 179.
Suryadinata, Leo (2008). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 143. ^, p. 145., p. 220., p. 156., p. 228., p. 236., p. 312. Spencer, Geoff (20 October 1999). Retrieved 11 September 2019.
KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Dariyanto, Erwin (31 July 2017). DetikNews (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 11 September 2019. Ambaranie Movanita (11 September 2019). (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 September 2019. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Siyahailatua, Sarah Ervina Dara (12 September 2019).
Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 September 2019. Alaidrus, Fadiyah (11 September 2019). (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 September 2019.
Indra Komara (11 September 2019). Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^.
The New York Times. The Associated Press. 11 September 2019.
Retrieved 11 September 2019. hermesauto (11 September 2019). The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
Reuters (11 September 2019). New Straits Times.
Media Prima Group. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
Andhika Prasetia (11 September 2019). Detik.com (in Indonesian).
11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019., Anne Barker, 13 September 2019. Habibie, B.J., 2010. 'Habibie & Ainun'. THC Mandiri. Jakarta Globe. From the original on 24 May 2010.
Retrieved 23 May 2010. Archived from on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. website of newspaper.
Post, The Jakarta. website of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Johannes Nainggolan (12 September 2019).
Indozone.id (in Indonesian). brilio.net (30 June 2016).Bibliography. Bohlken, Anjali Thomas (2016). Cambridge University Press. Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf (2010). (in Indonesian).
THC Mandiri. Makka, A. Makmur (2008).
(in Indonesian). PT Mizan Publika. O'Rourke, Kevin (2002). Allen & Unwin.External links.
His presidency is seen as a landmark and transition to the. Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political party laws, and held an three years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end of his presidency.
His 517-day presidency and 71-day vice presidency are the shortest in the country's history. Habibie as the State Minister of Research and Technology.In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as part of his drive to industrialize and develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to, Chief Executive Officer of the state oil company. Two years later, Habibie was made CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry), which in 1985 changed its name to Industri Pesawat Terbang (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as since 2000). In 1978, he was appointed as Minister of Research and Technology.
He continued to play an important role in IPTN other 'strategic' industries in this post. By the 1980s, IPTN had grown considerably, specializing in the manufacture of helicopters and small passenger planes. Under Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a manufacturer of aircraft including. It pioneered a small passenger airplane, the, in 1995, but the project was a commercial failure.
In developing Indonesia's aviation industry, he adopted an approach called 'Begin at the End and End at the Beginning'. In this method, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of the planes was placed as the first objective. Habibie (center) as Board of Patron member during the 1997 campaign in Tanah Abang,.By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries including ship- and train-building, steel, arms, communications, and energy. A 1993 estimate determined that the estimates used nearly $2 billion a year in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that the size of the industries was not completely known.As minister, Habibie created the OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) and STAID (Science and Technology for Industrial Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees in the STEM fields and for other technical professionals to continue their study for master's and doctorate program in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other countries.Habibie was, continuously, a member of six Indonesian cabinets for over 20 years. Habibie's official vice-presidential portrait, 2nd Class featured.In January 1998, after accepting nomination for a seventh term as President, Suharto announced the selection criteria for the nomination of a vice president. Suharto did not mention Habibie by name, but his suggestion that the next vice president should have a mastery of science and technology made it obvious he had Habibie in mind.In that year, in the midst of the, this suggestion was received badly, causing the to fall.
Despite this, Habibie was elected as Vice President in March 1998. Presidency. Habibie taking his presidential oath on 21 May 1998.On 21 May 1998, just two months into Habibie's vice presidency, Suharto announced his resignation.
Habibie, as the says, succeeded him as president. The following day, Habibie announced the, which removed some of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet while maintaining others - with no major figures from the opposition. Within days of his appointment, he asked his relatives to resign from government positions, promised an early election, repealed some legislation, and ordered the release of political prisoners. East Timor Habibie was opposed to but did offer East Timor special autonomy.Timorese independence forces led by the had been calling for a referendum in the territory for some time. Its chief diplomat, proposed a transitional period of autonomy leading up to a referendum.
In late 1998, the Prime Minister of Australia, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse the East Timorese issue by providing autonomy to be followed by the promise of a referendum in the long run, following the method used by France to settle. Wishing to avoid the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a colony, Habibie surprised some by announcing that a, offering a choice between special autonomy and independence, would be held immediately in East Timor. Leaders of the Indonesian armed forces were not consulted on this decision.On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and the East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose Independence. Subsequently, pro-Indonesia militias killed and displaced large numbers of people during the.
On 10 September, General allegedly threatened to stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down. On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a to halt violence. A followed and East Timor became independent in 2002.Suharto's corruption charge The Special Session in November 1998 decried the presence of corruption in Indonesia, focusing particularly on Suharto. In response to this, Habibie then appointed as. A tape of a telephone conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public. It raised concerns about the veracity of the investigation by suggesting that the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.Under Habibie, the Indonesian government also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as ). Ghalib charged Tommy in December 1998 in conjunction with the Goro scandal, where the government, under pressure from Tommy, allegedly gave him a desirable parcel and below-market loan for the construction of a Goro supermarket.
However, Tommy was found innocent in the case after several key witnesses, including Habibie aide Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony and declared that the deal did not cause losses to the state.Habibie's government stabilized the economy in the face of the Asian financial crisis and the chaos of the last few months of Suharto's presidency. Habibie's government began to make conciliatory gestures towards who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the. In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of the terms and non-pribumi to differentiate indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID card was sufficient proof of Indonesian citizenship, revoking the previous requirement for a 'Letter of Evidence of Republic of Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he lifted restrictions on the teaching of. Political reform Under Habibie, Indonesia made significant changes to its political system that expanded competition. Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by dissolving the Information Ministry. He also quickly committed to holding democratic elections, albeit on an initially vague timetable.
In December, he proposed political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats in parliament held by the military, and barred political activity by civil servants.However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the military to retain some seats in parliament, and taking little action on other military and judicial reforms.Habibie's government also passed laws which granted significant autonomy to regional governments, namely at the and city level. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and allowed local legislatures to hold said executives accountable, though it was not implemented until after his presidency. End of presidency Although he had been viewed as leading a transitional government, Habibie seemed determined to continue as president. He was initially unclear about whether he would seek a full term as president when he announced parliamentary elections in June 1998. Habibie faced opposition from many within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing as chair of the party, but was ultimately able to defeat a rival camp including, Edi Sudrajat, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.
Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him. In March 1999, Golkar put forth five presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto,.
In May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, but a large faction in the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.At the 1999 MPR General Session in October, Habibie delivered an accountability speech. MPR members then began voting to decide if they would accept or reject his speech. Habibie attempted to win the support of the military by offering the vice-presidency to General Wiranto, but his offer was declined.
Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, and his accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322, and Habibie withdrew his nomination as President. He was succeeded by.Post-presidency, final years and death. Habibie and Ainun wedding attire in Gorontalonese cultureHabibie was married to, a, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held in and culture.
The couple had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.B. Habibie's brother, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. After his wife's death, Habibie published a book titled which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The book was adapted into a film of the same name which was released on 20 December 2012. Honours, decorations, and distinctions Habibie received several honorary degrees for his contributions in the fields of technology and science, e.g.
He was awarded an Honorary degree from the and degrees from and for his services to aircraft technology. In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary degree in Technology by the for his contribution to science in practice as a technocrat.Habibie was appointed a (FREng) in 1990. In 1993, he was awarded an (HonFRAeS). He was also named an honorary member of several professional bodies, including. Malaysian Engineers Association (IEM). Japanese Academy of Engineering.
Fellowship of Engineering of the United Kingdom, London. National Academy of Engineering, USA. Academie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace, France. Royal Aeronautical Society, UK. Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science. Gesselschaft Fuer Luft und Raumfarht (Institute for Aviation & Space), Germany.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, USAnamed a bridge and park after Habibie shortly before his death., 1st Class (: ). Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (: ). Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class (: ).
Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (: ). Star of Merit, 1st Class (: ). Star of Culture Parama Dharma (: ). Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (: ). Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (: ). Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (: ).
Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (: ). Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (: )In popular culture Movies Habibie has been portrayed in several biopic movies based on both his political and personal life. In the first installment of (2012) and its prequels, (2016) and (2019), Habibie is portrayed by, while and portrayed Habibie during his childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively.In the movie, Habibie was portrayed by.Notes. ^ Salam, S., 1986.
BJ Habibie, Mutiara dari Timur. Intermasa. Elson, R.E., 2009. The idea of Indonesia. Penerbit Serambi. Habibie, B.J., 2010.
Habibie & Ainun. THC Mandiri. Hendrowinoto, N.K.S. Ibu Indonesia dalam kenangan.
Bank Naskah Gramedia bekerja sama dengan Yayasan Biografi Indonesia. Noer, G.S., 2015. Rudy: Kisah Masa Muda Sang Visioner.
Bentang Pustaka. Makka, A. Makmur (1999). (in Indonesian). Pustaka CIDESINDO.
P. 13. ^ Muhammad El Brahimy (2012). (in Indonesian). PT Balai Pustaka (Persero). Habibie: nauwe band met Delft - TU Delta., p. 4., p. 1., pp. 72–75. ^, pp. 79–80., p. 28., p. 41.
^, p. 140., p. 142. Indonesian Aerospace. Archived from on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
The Economist. 17 April 1993. Amir, Sulfikar (2012).
Pp. 69–70., p. 190. Hefner, Robert W. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 7 February 1998. From the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
^ Chandra, Alexander C. Lexington Books.
The Economist. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Miller, M. 'From reform to repression: the post-New Order's shifting security policies in Aceh', Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 38(4), 129–162.
Ramos Horta, Jose (1996). Towards a Peaceful Solution in East Timor.
Sydney: East Timor Relief Association. ^. School of Humanities and Social Sciences - UNSW Canberra.
Archived from on 28 March 2015. Robinson, Geoffrey (2010). If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die: How Genocide was Stopped in East Timor. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press., p. 272. Ziegenhain, Patrick (2008). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
P. 101. Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. P. 295., p. 232. Suprapto, Eddy; et al.
(18 October 1999). Kontanonline.com as found on hamline.edu. Archived from on 15 September 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
Purdey, Jemma (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
P. 179. Suryadinata, Leo (2008). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 143. ^, p. 145., p. 220., p. 156., p. 228., p. 236., p. 312.
Spencer, Geoff (20 October 1999). Retrieved 11 September 2019. KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Dariyanto, Erwin (31 July 2017).
DetikNews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 September 2019. Ambaranie Movanita (11 September 2019). (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 September 2019. 8 September 2019.
Retrieved 11 September 2019. Siyahailatua, Sarah Ervina Dara (12 September 2019). Tempo (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 12 September 2019. Alaidrus, Fadiyah (11 September 2019). (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 September 2019.
Indra Komara (11 September 2019). Detik.com (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^. The New York Times. The Associated Press.
11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019. hermesauto (11 September 2019).
The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 September 2019. Reuters (11 September 2019). New Straits Times. Media Prima Group. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
Andhika Prasetia (11 September 2019). Detik.com (in Indonesian). 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019., Anne Barker, 13 September 2019. Habibie, B.J., 2010. 'Habibie & Ainun'. THC Mandiri.
Jakarta Globe. From the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Archived from on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. website of newspaper.
Post, The Jakarta. website of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Johannes Nainggolan (12 September 2019). Indozone.id (in Indonesian). brilio.net (30 June 2016).Bibliography.
Bohlken, Anjali Thomas (2016). Cambridge University Press. Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf (2010). (in Indonesian).
THC Mandiri. Makka, A. Makmur (2008). (in Indonesian). PT Mizan Publika.
O'Rourke, Kevin (2002). Allen & Unwin.External links.
Comments are closed.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
March 2023
Categories |